Major cities of India are becoming vulnerable to flood conditions. Discuss. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2016]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Major Indian cities like Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Delhi are increasingly facing urban floods, driven
South China Sea has assumed great geopolitical significance in the present context. Comment. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2016]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):The South China Sea (SCS) is a strategic waterway in Southeast Asia, vital for trade,
The effective management of land and water resources will drastically reduce the human miseries. Explain. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2016]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Land and water are critical natural resources. Their degradation and mismanagement lead to poverty, displacement,
“The Himalayas are highly prone to landslides. “Discuss the causes and suggest suitable measures of mitigation. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2016]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Himalayas, being young fold mountains with active tectonics, high relief, and intense rainfall, are highly
Discuss the concept of air mass and explain its role in macro-climatic changes.[200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2016]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Air mass is a large body of air with uniform temperature, humidity, and pressure characteristics
In what way can floods be converted into a sustainable source of irrigation and all-weather inland navigation in India? [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2017]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Floods, though destructive, offer potential as a sustainable water resource. By integrating flood management with
Petroleum refineries are not necessarily located nearer to crude oil producing areas,particularly in many of the developing countries. Explain its implications. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2017]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Petroleum refineries are industrial complexes that process crude oil into usable fuels and products. In
Mention the advantages of the cultivation of pulses because of which the year 2016 was declared as the International Year of Pulses by United Nations. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2017]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):In recognition of their nutritional, agricultural, and environmental benefits, the United Nations declared 2016 as
“Inspite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2017]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Coal remains the backbone of energy and industrial development, especially in developing countries like India,
What characteristics can be assigned to monsoon climate that succeeds in feeding more than 50 percent of the world population residing in Monsoon Asia? [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2017]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Monsoon climate (tropical wet-dry) dominates Monsoon Asia, supporting >50% of global population across India, China,
Account for variations in oceanic salinity and discuss its multi-dimensional effects. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2017]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Ocean salinity refers to the concentration of dissolved salts (measured in ppt). Average salinity =
How does the cryosphere affect global climate? [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2017]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Cryosphere includes Earth’s frozen water parts — glaciers, sea ice, snow cover, permafrost, ice sheets
How does the Juno Mission of NASA help to understand the origin and evolution of the Earth? [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2017]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):NASA’s Juno Mission (launched 2011, entered Jupiter orbit 2016) aims to study Jupiter’s composition, gravity,
What are the consequences of spreading of ‘Dead Zones’ on marine ecosystem? [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2018]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in oceans and large lakes, where oxygen levels are
Mention core strategies for the transformation of aspirational districts in India and explain the nature of convergence, collaboration and competition for its success. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2018]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) launched by NITI Aayog in 2018, aims to transform 112 underdeveloped
What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in India? Identifying industrial corridors,explain their main characteristics. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2018]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Industrial Corridors are large-scale infrastructure projects aimed at stimulating industrial development by connecting major cities
Defining blue revolution, explain the problems and strategies for pisciculture development in India. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2018]
Intro (Micro Notes Format):Blue Revolution refers to the rapid increase in fish production through the adoption of modern
“The ideal solution of depleting ground water resources in India is water harvesting system.” How can it be made effective in urban areas? [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2018]
Intro (Micro Notes Style):India is facing acute groundwater depletion—over 60% of irrigation and 85% of drinking water demand
Why is India taking keen interest in the Arctic region? [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2018]
Intro:• Arctic region is experiencing rapid climate change, impacting global weather, sea levels & geopolitics.• India released its
Why is Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) needed? How does it help in navigation?[150 Words] [10 Marks] [2018]
Intro:• IRNSS (now called NavIC) – an independent regional navigation satellite system developed by ISRO.• Provides accurate position
Define mantle plume and explain its role in plate tectonics. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2018]
Intro:• Mantle plume – a localized column of hot, solid material rising from deep mantle (~core-mantle boundary) to
How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative impact of development initiatives and tourism? [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2019]
Intro:• Mountain ecosystems—fragile zones with high biodiversity, critical watersheds, & cultural heritage.• Faces degradation due to infrastructure development,
What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India? [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2019]
Intro:• Water stress occurs when demand for water exceeds available amount or when its quality restricts usage.• Defined
Discuss the causes of depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal ecology. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2019]
Intro:• Mangroves are salt-tolerant forest ecosystems found in intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical coasts.• India has ~4,975
Assess the impact of global warming on the coral life system with examples. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2019]
Intro:• Corals are marine invertebrates forming symbiotic relationships with zooxanthellae algae.• Global warming threatens coral reefs—biodiversity hotspots with
How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development in India?[250 Words] [15 Marks] [2019]
Intro:• Urban mass transport includes metro rail, buses, suburban trains, BRTS etc.• As urban population is projected to
Discuss the factors for localisation of agro-based food processing industries of North-West India. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2019]
Intro:• Agro-based food processing industries convert perishable agricultural produce into value-added products.• NW India—esp. Punjab, Haryana, Western UP—is
Can the strategy of regional resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2019]
Intro:• Regional resource-based manufacturing = establishing industries based on locally available raw materials.• Helps decentralize industrial growth, reduce
How do ocean currents and water masses differ in their impacts on marine life and coastal environment? Give suitable examples. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2019]
Intro:• Ocean currents = large-scale horizontal movement of surface waters.• Water masses = large bodies of water with
Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2020]
Intro:• India has 24.62% of its geographical area under forest cover (India State of Forest Report, ISFR 2021).•
Account for the huge flooding of the million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2020]
Intro (Micro Notes):• Urban flooding = accumulation of water in urban areas due to rainfall, poor drainage, infrastructure
The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples.[150 Words] [10 Marks] [2020]
Intro (Micro Notes):• Desertification = land degradation in arid, semi-arid & dry sub-humid areas from climatic variations &
The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problem of droughts, floods and interrupted navigation. Critically examine. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2020]
Intro (Micro Notes):• River Interlinking = network of reservoirs & canals transferring water from surplus to deficit basins•
Discuss the geophysical characteristics of the Circum-Pacific zone. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2020]
Intro (Micro Notes):• Circum-Pacific zone = “Pacific Ring of Fire”• Tectonically active belt around Pacific Ocean basin• Extends
India has immense potential of solar energy through there are regional variations in its development. Elaborate. [250 Words] [15 Marks] [2020]
Intro (Micro Notes):• India’s solar potential = ~748 GW (MNRE)• 300+ sunny days/year; 5.5–6.0 kWh/m²/day insolation in most
Account for the present location of iron and steel industries away from the source of raw material, by giving examples. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2020]
Intro (Micro Notes):• Traditionally, iron & steel industries located near raw material sources (e.g., Jamshedpur near coal-iron belt).•
How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers have a far-reaching impact on the water resources of India?[150 Words] [10 Marks] [2021]
Intro (Micro Notes):• Himalayan glaciers are the source of major perennial rivers – Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra.• They store
What are the environmental implications of the reclamation of Water bodies into urban land use? Explain with examples. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2021]
Intro (Micro Notes):• Reclamation refers to converting wetlands, lakes, rivers, and ponds into land for urban infrastructure.• Rapid
Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021 and their impact on regional environment. [150 Words] [10 Marks] [2021]
Introduction:Volcanic eruptions are significant geological events that can drastically alter regional environments. In 2021, several notable eruptions occurred
