Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. [200 Words] [12.5 Marks] [2016]

Why are Tribals in India Called ‘Scheduled Tribes’?

Definition & Criteria:

• Scheduled Tribes (STs) are socially & economically marginalized indigenous communities recognized under Article 342 of the Indian Constitution.
• Criteria: Primitive traits, geographical isolation, distinct culture, economic backwardness, and lack of modernization.

Constitutional Provisions for ST Upliftment:

1. Political Representation – Seats reserved in Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and State Assemblies (Articles 330, 332, 334).
2. Educational & Economic Development –
   • Article 15 & 46 – Special provisions for ST education.
   • Eklavya Model Schools – Quality education for tribal children.
3. Tribal Land & Forest Rights –
   • Article 244 – Fifth & Sixth Schedules for Autonomous Tribal Councils.
   • Forest Rights Act, 2006 – Grants STs land rights.
4. Welfare Schemes –
   • ST Sub-Plan, Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana – Funds for tribal welfare.

Conclusion:

Despite constitutional protections, tribals face displacement, exploitation, and poverty. Implementing tribal-centric policies effectively is key to their true empowerment.