Regional Disparity in India: Meaning, Difference from Diversity, and Severity
1. Meaning of Regional Disparity
- Definition: Regional disparity refers to the unequal distribution of economic development, infrastructure, and social progress across different regions within a country.
- Causes: Historical neglect, geographical factors, governance inefficiencies, resource distribution, and policy biases.
2. Difference Between Regional Disparity and Diversity
| Regional Disparity | Diversity |
|---|---|
| Imbalance in economic and social development between regions. | Natural variation in culture, language, ethnicity, and geography. |
| Leads to socio-economic inequalities and underdevelopment in some areas. | Enriches national identity and heritage. |
| Example: BIMARU states lagging behind southern states. | Example: Linguistic diversity across India. |
3. Severity of Regional Disparity in India
- Economic Imbalance:
- Southern & Western states (Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu) have higher GDP than BIMARU states (Bihar, MP, UP, Rajasthan).
- Per capita income in Goa (
₹5 lakh) is far higher than Bihar (₹50,000).
- Industrial & Infrastructure Gaps:
- 70% of India’s industrial output comes from a few states (Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka).
- Urban-Rural Divide:
- Metropolitan cities have modern infrastructure, while tribal and backward regions lack basic amenities.
- Social Indicators:
- Kerala (HDI: 0.79) vs. Jharkhand (HDI: 0.55).
- Infant Mortality Rate in Madhya Pradesh (43) is much higher than Kerala (6) (SRS, 2023).
4. Way Forward
- Balanced Industrial Growth: Industrial corridors in backward regions (e.g., Eastern Economic Corridor).
- Focused Policy Interventions: Special category status, tax incentives.
- Decentralized Development: Strengthening Panchayati Raj institutions.
- Skill Development & Education: Targeted schemes like Aspirational Districts Programme.
Conclusion
Regional disparity is a serious issue, affecting economic stability and social cohesion. A balanced, inclusive development model is necessary to bridge the gap and achieve equitable growth.
