Purple Revolution: The term used to describe the success of lavender cultivation in J&K, signifying the flourishing purple lavender fields.

• G20: Informal group of 19 countries + European Union.
• Includes IMF & World Bank representatives.
• Mix of advanced & emerging economies.
• Represents 80% of world GDP, 75% of trade, 60% of population.
• Members: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union
• Rotating presidency, no permanent HQ.
• 2023 summit in India.
• PRESIDED INDIA
• Troika system for continuity.

**Kashmir:** The region is disputed between India and Pakistan.

**West Bank and Gaza Strip:** These territories are at the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with discussions focusing on a two-state solution.
c) **Crimea:** b/w Russia- Ukraine.
d) **Nagorno-Karabakh:** A region in Azerbaijan, but populated mainly by ethnic Armenians, leading to conflicts and calls for independence or integration with Armenia.

Presently as on 2024 we have Six national parties:
- These parties are:
1. BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party)
2. INC (Indian National Congress)
3. CPI(M) (Communist Party of India (Marxist))
4. BSP (Bahujan Samaj Party)
5. NPP (National People's Party) (first party from North East became NPP)
6. AAP (Aam Aadmi Party) (in news)

Note: CPI lost NPP status... its CPI(M) both are different

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/incoming/ec-grants-aap-national-party-status-withdraws-it-for-the-tmc-cpi-and-ncp/article66721832.ece

There are 28 states and 8 Union territories in the country.

The Union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu were combined as one single union territory on 26th January 2020.

J&K split to 2 UTs: Ladakh was separated from Jammu and Kashmir 31 October 2019 and created as a separate Union Territory.

1. 1st A-S war: 1845-46- Lord Hardinge I- ToLahore- Kashmir>>Gulab Singh
2. 2nd A-S war: 1848-49- Lord Dalhousie- annexation of Punjab

The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought in and around the Ferozepur area of Punjab in 1845 and 1846 between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company. It culminated in the Sikh empire's loss and partial submission, as well as the cession of Jammu and Kashmir as a separate princely state under British suzerainty.

Result of the First Anglo-Sikh War

• Lahore Treaty: On March 8, 1846, the Sikhs were compelled to accept a humiliating peace at the conclusion of the first Anglo-Sikh War.
• The following were the key provisions of the Treaty of Lahore:
  • The English were to get a war indemnity of more than one crore rupees.
  • The Company annexed the Jalandhar Doab (between the Beas and the Sutlej).
  • Henry Lawrence was to create a British residency in Lahore.
• The Sikh army's strength was diminished.
• Daleep Singh was proclaimed ruler, with Rani Jindan as regent and Lal Singh as wazir.
• Since the Sikhs were unable to pay the full war indemnity, Kashmir, including Jammu, was sold to Gulab Singh, who was compelled to pay the Company 75 lakh rupees as a down payment.
• On March 16, 1846, a second treaty formally transferred Kashmir to Gulab Singh.
• The Bhairowal Treaty - The Sikhs revolted because they were dissatisfied with the Treaty of Lahore on the question of Kashmir.

kundalvana (present day Harwan kashmir)

SWADESHI MOVEMENT
 Officially proclaimed on 7 August, 1905 from Calcutta Town Hall
 1905- INC took up Swadeshi agenda at Banaras Session presided by Gokhale
 1906- Calcutta- Dadabhai Naorji- 4 Resolutions:
1.Swadeshi Programme 2.Boycott 3.Self govt 4.National Education

| Year | Indian Freedom Struggles |
|------|--------------------------|
| 1857 | Revolt of 1857: Sepoy Mutiny began in Meerut, spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur and Lucknow |
| 1905-1911 | Swadeshi movement: Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon |
| 1914-1917 | Gadar Movement: Komagata Maru incident |
| 1916-1918 | Home Rule Movement: launched by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant |
| 1917 | Champaran Satyagraha: First non-violent protest in India by Mahatma Gandhi |
| 1919 | Rowlatt Satyagrah |
| 1920 | Khilafat and Non-cooperation Movement: First Mass Movement led by Gandhi |
| 1930 | Civil Disobedience Movement: launched to break the Salt law |
| 1940 | Individual Satyagraha: Launched against the August Offer, 1940. |
| 1942 | Quit India Movement: Gandhi launched his third major movement against British rule. |

The Malthusian Theory of Population Growth
Among the most famous theories of demography is the one associated with the
English political economist Thomas Robert Malthus (1766–1834). Malthus’s
theory of population growth – outlined in his Essay on Population (1798) – was
a rather pessimistic one. He argued that human populations tend to grow at
a much faster rate than the rate at which the means of human subsistence
(specially food, but also clothing and other agriculture-based products) can
grow. Therefore humanity is condemned to live in poverty forever because the
growth of agricultural production will always be overtaken by population growth.
While population rises in geometric progression (i.e., like 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc.),
agricultural production can only grow in arithmetic progression (i.e., like 2, 4,
6, 8, 10, etc.). Because population growth always outstrips growth in production
of subsistence resources, the only way to increase prosperity is by controlling
the growth of population. Unfortunately, humanity has only a limited ability to
voluntarily reduce the growth of its population (through ‘preventive checks’
such as postponing marriage or practicing sexual abstinence or celibacy).
Malthus believed therefore that ‘positive checks’ to population growth – in the
form of famines and diseases – were inevitable because they were nature’s way
of dealing with the imbalance between food supply and increasing population.

source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lesy102.pdf

The Declining Sex-ratio in India
The sex ratio is an important indicator of gender balance in the population. As
mentioned in the section on concepts earlier, historically, the sex ratio has been
slightly in favour of females, that is, the number of females per 1000 males has
generally been somewhat higher than 1000. However, India has had a declining
sex-ratio for more than a century, as is clear from Table 3. From 972 females
per 1000 males at the turn of the twentieth century, the sex ratio has declined to
933 at the turn of the twenty-first century. The trends of the last four decades
have been particularly worrying – from 941 in 1961 the sex ratio had fallen to an
all-time low of 927 in 1991 before posting a modest increase in 2001. According
to Census of India 2011 sex ratio has increased and now it is 943 females per
1000 males.

source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lesy102.pdf

The Narmada rises in the Amarkantak hills
in Madhya Pradesh. It flows towards the west
in a rift valley formed due to faulting.

falls in Arabian Sea

Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/iess103.pdf

1. Wular lake – One of the biggest freshwater lakes of Asia.
2. Upper lake in Madhya Pradesh is the largest artificial lake in Asia.
3. Chilika Lake in Odisha is the largest saline water lake in India.
4. Vembanad Lake in Kerala is the longest lake in India.
5. Cholamu Lake in Sikkim is the highest lake in India.

The Indus receives a number of Himalayan tributaries such as the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Zaskar, the Hunza, the Nubra, the Shigar, the Gasting and the Dras. It finally emerges out of the hills near Attock where it receives the Kabul river on its right bank. The other important tributaries joining the right bank of the Indus are the Khurram, the Tochi, the Gomal, the Viboa and the Sangar. They all originate in the Sulaiman ranges. The river flows southward and receives ‘Panjnad’ a little above Mithankot. The Panjnad is the name given to the five rivers of Punjab, namely the Satluj, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum

Th e Outer Plains:
The Southern side of the Union
Territory is covered by the
alluvial plains of the Chenab,
Tawi and Ravi Rivers and their
tributaries. The outer plain is
an extension of Great Indian
Plains which is alluvial in
nature. It stretches from River
Ravi to River Chenab for a
distance of 110 Km. The plains
are locally called as Anderwah
and Bajwat. The plain is
drained by other streams and
tributaries like Basantar, Ujh,
Tawi & Manawar Tawi. The
plain is dissected by series of
deep and shallow ravines cut
by these streams and rivers.
The ravines are locally called
as Khads. They are usually
filled with sand, gravels,
boulders and wild growing tall
grass (Khar). During rainy
season these Khads transform
into flooded nallahs. The
productive crop lands of this
region are in Kathua, Akhnoor,
Hiranagar, Bishnah, R.S Pura
and Domana.

source: Chapter 7..  https://jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/6372215346946707129TH%20GEOGRAPHY.pdf

Take the
case of a clothes merchant. He wants to sell
Clothes and buy Rice. The clothes merchant will
first exchange Clothes to sell for money and then
exchange the money for Rice. However to obtain
money , first he has to find a rice growing farmer
who is willing to sell him rice. Imagine how much
more difficult it would be for the cloth merchant
if he had to exchange clothes directly for Rice
without the use of Money. He would have to
find a rice growing farmer who would be willing
to sell him rice in exchange for clothes. To put
it simple both parties have to agree to buy and
sell commodities to each other . This problem is
known as double coincidence of wants. Double
coincidence in nutshell means “what a person
desires to sell is exactly what the other wishes
to buy”. In earlier times, such kinds of problems
were solved by a system known as Barter System.
Under Barter System goods were exchanged for
goods. Long before money was invented, people
exchanged services and goods for other services
and goods in return.
Did you know that
The term “money” is derived from the latin
word “moneta “
The main problem which is faced in double
coincidence of want is to search for the persons with
required excess and need. Such kind of problem
was resolved by identification of a common
medium of exchange which is acceptable to all.
This common medium of exchange acceptable to
all is termed as Money

Source: https://jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/636742033482244819ecodisaster9th.pdf

Note: 11th & 12th NCERT loves me too to frame questions

Source: https://jkarchives.nic.in/Arch_ASI_Protected_Monuments.htm

source : https://jandktourism.jk.gov.in/Destinations.html