1. How are new words built in English through affixation and compounding? Give suitable examples.
New words in English are often created through affixation and compounding.
- Affixation is the process of adding prefixes (before the root) or suffixes (after the root) to existing words. For example:
- Un- + happy = Unhappy (prefixation)
- Beauty + -ful = Beautiful (suffixation)
- Compounding is the process of combining two or more existing words to form a new word. For example:
- Tooth + brush = Toothbrush
- Sun + flower = Sunflower
Both affixation and compounding enrich the language, enabling the formation of new terms to describe emerging concepts or items.
2. Briefly describe the process approach to writing.
The process approach to writing emphasizes writing as a step-by-step process rather than focusing solely on the final product. This approach involves several stages:
- Prewriting: Planning, brainstorming, and organizing ideas.
- Drafting: Writing the first version of the content.
- Revising: Improving the draft by refining ideas, adding more information, or reorganizing.
- Editing: Correcting grammatical, punctuation, and spelling errors.
- Publishing: Finalizing the text for sharing or submitting.
This approach allows for continuous improvement and encourages writers to view writing as a recursive, rather than linear, process.
3. What are the three major types of study skills? How do they help us to become better learners?
The three major types of study skills are:
- Cognitive Skills: These include techniques for processing and understanding information, such as summarizing, note-taking, and critical thinking. These skills help learners retain and comprehend material better.
- Metacognitive Skills: These involve self-awareness and self-regulation, such as planning, monitoring, and evaluating one’s learning strategies. Metacognitive skills help learners track their progress and adjust strategies for more effective learning.
- Time Management Skills: These involve organizing and managing time effectively to balance studying with other responsibilities. Learning to prioritize and allocate sufficient time for tasks helps improve overall productivity and reduces stress.
These skills collectively help learners enhance their efficiency, comprehension, and retention, leading to better academic performance.
4. What aspects should be kept in mind while writing the introductory paragraph of a composition?
The introductory paragraph is crucial because it sets the tone for the rest of the composition. Key aspects to keep in mind include:
- Engagement: The introduction should grab the reader’s attention through an interesting fact, question, or anecdote.
- Clear Thesis Statement: It should clearly state the main point or purpose of the composition.
- Context: Provide some background information or context to help the reader understand the topic.
- Clarity and Focus: The introduction should be concise and directly lead to the main argument without unnecessary details.
An effective introduction prepares the reader for what’s to come and encourages them to continue reading.
5. Briefly explain how a paraphrase, a précis, and a summary differ from each other.
- Paraphrase: A paraphrase involves restating the original text in one’s own words, typically in the same length as the original. It maintains the meaning but changes the wording and sentence structure. For example: “The car was really fast” could be paraphrased as “The vehicle moved at an impressive speed.”
- Précis: A précis is a condensed version of the original text, where only the main ideas are retained, and extraneous details are omitted. It is much shorter than the original and should retain the core meaning.
- Summary: A summary is also a shortened version of a text, focusing on the key points but often with more detail than a précis. It condenses the material without altering its core message but is more comprehensive than a précis.
Each of these writing techniques serves to communicate the essence of a text while varying in length and depth.
SECTION B
1. “While writing, we need to develop the skills of analyzing as well as synthesizing.” Explain.
In writing, analyzing and synthesizing are two essential cognitive skills that help writers present coherent and logical arguments or information.
- Analyzing involves breaking down information into smaller parts to better understand it. It requires identifying key elements, evaluating relationships, and considering causes and effects. For example, when analyzing a piece of literature, a writer might examine themes, character development, and literary devices used by the author.
- Synthesizing involves combining various pieces of information from different sources or ideas to create a new, unified whole. It is the skill of drawing connections between ideas and building a broader understanding or argument. For instance, when writing an essay on climate change, synthesizing involves combining data from scientific studies, historical examples, and policy perspectives to create a comprehensive argument.
Both skills are important in writing because analyzing allows a writer to break down complex ideas, and synthesizing helps in forming new insights or solutions by bringing these parts together.
2. What is expository writing? Describe with examples, the techniques used to write expository texts.
Expository writing is a type of writing that aims to inform, explain, or describe a topic in a clear and straightforward manner. It is primarily focused on delivering facts, data, and objective information to help the reader understand a concept or process.
Techniques used in expository writing include:
- Definition: Defining complex terms or concepts helps clarify the subject for the reader.
Example: “A greenhouse gas is any gas that absorbs infrared radiation, contributing to the warming of the Earth’s atmosphere.” - Cause and Effect: Explaining how one event leads to another.
Example: “The industrial revolution led to increased carbon emissions, which contributed to global warming.” - Comparison and Contrast: Highlighting similarities and differences between two or more subjects.
Example: “While both cats and dogs are popular pets, cats are generally more independent, whereas dogs are more social and require more attention.” - Classification: Organizing information into categories or groups to make it easier to understand.
Example: “There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, each formed through different processes.” - Process Explanation: Describing the steps or stages in a process.
Example: “To bake a cake, first, you mix the ingredients, then pour the batter into a pan, and finally, bake it in the oven for 30 minutes.”
Expository writing ensures clarity and allows the writer to present factual information to inform the audience.
3. Explain with examples, how flowcharts and tree diagrams can be used to present information clearly.
Flowcharts and tree diagrams are visual tools that help organize and present information in a structured and clear manner.
- Flowcharts: Flowcharts are diagrams that represent a process or workflow using boxes, arrows, and symbols to indicate steps or actions. They help illustrate the sequence of events, decisions, or instructions. Example: A flowchart can be used to explain how to apply for a job:
- Step 1: Research job openings → Step 2: Write a resume → Step 3: Submit application → Step 4: Interview → Step 5: Job offer.
- Tree Diagrams: Tree diagrams are hierarchical diagrams that start with a single idea at the top and branch out into sub-categories or details. They are used to represent relationships, classifications, or decisions. Example: A tree diagram can be used to categorize animals:
- Animal Kingdom → Vertebrates → Mammals → Dogs
Or, for decision-making: - Start Decision → Option A → Outcome 1 → Option B → Outcome 2
- Animal Kingdom → Vertebrates → Mammals → Dogs
Both flowcharts and tree diagrams make complex information more accessible by visualizing relationships, sequences, or processes.
4. How is the structure of a formal letter different from that of an informal letter? Give sample structures of both.
The structure of formal and informal letters differs in tone, style, and the level of detail. Formal letters are typically written for professional or official communication, while informal letters are more personal and relaxed.
Formal Letter Structure:
- Sender’s Address: The address of the sender (top-right or top-left corner).
- Date: The date when the letter is written.
- Recipient’s Address: The address of the recipient (left-aligned).
- Salutation: A formal greeting (e.g., “Dear Mr. Smith”).
- Body: The main content of the letter, written in paragraphs with formal language.
- Closing: A formal sign-off (e.g., “Yours sincerely” or “Yours faithfully”).
- Signature: The sender’s name and signature.
Example:
123 Main Street
City, State, ZIP
January 1, 2025
Mr. John Doe
XYZ Corporation
456 Business Ave
City, State, ZIP
Dear Mr. Doe,
I am writing to inquire about the job opening for the Marketing Manager position that was advertised on your website.
[Body of the letter]
Yours sincerely,
[Signature]
Jane Smith
Informal Letter Structure:
- Sender’s Address: Usually not required unless the sender’s address is relevant.
- Date: The date can be included or not.
- Salutation: A casual greeting (e.g., “Dear Mom,” “Hey John”).
- Body: A personal message, more conversational in tone.
- Closing: A friendly sign-off (e.g., “Best wishes,” “Love”).
- Signature: The sender’s name.
Example:
Hey John,
I hope you're doing well! I just wanted to write and let you know how things have been going.
[Body of the letter]
Best wishes,
Jane
Key Differences:
- Tone: Formal letters use polite, professional language, while informal letters are more personal and relaxed.
- Structure: Formal letters have a more rigid structure, while informal letters can be more flexible in layout.
III. Write a paragraph of about 150 words on the topic given below. 15
Underline the topic sentence after writing the paragraph.
“Water Conservation: A Challenge for India in the Twenty first Century.”
Water Conservation: A Challenge for India in the Twenty first Century
Water conservation has become one of the most pressing challenges for India in the twenty-first century. The rapid depletion of water resources, coupled with the growing population and industrial demands, poses a serious threat to the country’s water security. In many regions of India, particularly in urban areas, over-extraction of groundwater, inefficient irrigation practices, and pollution of water bodies have worsened the crisis. Additionally, the effects of climate change, such as altered rainfall patterns, further exacerbate the situation. To address this, it is crucial for India to adopt sustainable water management practices, promote rainwater harvesting, and increase awareness about the importance of conserving water. The government and local authorities need to implement strict policies to prevent water wastage, and communities should be encouraged to take an active role in preserving water resources. Without urgent action, India may face severe water shortages in the near future.
(Topic Sentence: The rapid depletion of water resources, coupled with the growing population and industrial demands, poses a serious threat to the country’s water security.)
IV. Write a well – developed composition on the topic given below: 20
“Social Media Usage: Advantages and Disadvantages.”
Your composition should have a clear introduction, body and
conclusion.
Social Media Usage: Advantages and Disadvantages
Social media has become an integral part of modern life, revolutionizing the way people communicate, interact, and access information. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and TikTok offer numerous opportunities for individuals and businesses, but they also come with their set of challenges. While social media brings several advantages, it also has its disadvantages, which need to be considered in order to use these platforms effectively.
One of the major advantages of social media is the ability to connect with people globally. It has made communication faster, allowing individuals to maintain relationships across long distances. Social media also provides a platform for self-expression, enabling users to share their thoughts, creativity, and opinions with a wider audience. In addition, it serves as a valuable tool for businesses to market products, connect with customers, and expand their reach. Educational resources and news updates are also easily accessible, making learning and staying informed more convenient.
However, there are several disadvantages to social media usage. One of the biggest concerns is the potential for addiction, as individuals may spend excessive amounts of time on these platforms, leading to reduced productivity and social isolation. Social media also contributes to the spread of misinformation and fake news, which can have harmful consequences. Moreover, constant exposure to curated content on social media can result in negative self-image, especially among young people, as they compare themselves to unrealistic portrayals of others’ lives. Lastly, privacy concerns are another major issue, as personal information shared on social media can be exploited or hacked.
In conclusion, social media offers a range of benefits, including global connectivity, self-expression, and access to information. However, its disadvantages, such as addiction, misinformation, and privacy risks, must not be overlooked. It is essential for users to be mindful of how they use social media, setting boundaries and being cautious of the potential harm it may cause. By finding a balance, individuals can harness the power of social media without compromising their well-being.
