Atomic Energy and Raw Material Availability in India and the World – Micro Notes Format (UPSC GS1 Mains):
Significance of Atomic Energy in India:
- Cleaner alternative to fossil fuels; low greenhouse gas emissions.
- Reduces energy import dependence.
- Supports base-load power requirements for growing economy.
- Key to meeting India’s INDC targets under the Paris Agreement.
Raw Material for Nuclear Energy:
1. Uranium:
- India:
- Poor in high-grade uranium reserves.
- Major reserves in Jharkhand (Jaduguda), Andhra Pradesh (Tummalapalle), Rajasthan (Domiasiat).
- Indian uranium is low-grade and limited in quantity.
- World:
- Major producers: Kazakhstan, Canada, Australia (together ~70% of global production).
- Large reserves also in Russia, Niger, Namibia.
2. Thorium:
- India:
- 2nd largest global reserve (~25% of world’s thorium).
- Deposits mainly along Kerala coast (monazite sands), Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh.
- Basis for India’s 3-stage nuclear power program.
- World:
- Large reserves in India, Brazil, Australia, USA.
Constraints:
- India not part of NPT; restricted uranium trade earlier.
- Civil Nuclear Agreements (e.g., Indo-US 2008 deal) improved fuel access.
Conclusion:
- Limited uranium, abundant thorium make thorium-based reactors vital for India.
- Global collaboration and indigenous R&D crucial for sustainable nuclear energy future.
