Intro (Micro Notes):
• Reclamation refers to converting wetlands, lakes, rivers, and ponds into land for urban infrastructure.
• Rapid urbanization and real estate demand have led to large-scale reclamation in Indian and global cities.
Environmental Implications:
• Urban Flooding:
→ Natural water absorption & drainage blocked.
→ Example: Chennai floods (2015) due to encroachments on Pallikaranai marshland.
• Loss of Biodiversity:
→ Displacement of aquatic species, birds, and flora.
→ Example: Loss of bird habitat in Bengaluru’s Bellandur Lake.
• Groundwater Depletion & Pollution:
→ Lakes act as recharge zones. Reclamation reduces recharge capacity.
→ Pollution increases due to surface runoff & dumping.
• Microclimate Alteration:
→ Urban Heat Island effect rises due to reduced evapotranspiration.
→ Example: Mumbai sees increased heat stress after reclamation in coastal zones.
• Water Scarcity:
→ Traditional water bodies like tanks and ponds serve domestic use.
→ Reclamation forces dependence on distant and over-exploited sources.
• Increased Surface Runoff & Soil Erosion:
→ Reduced infiltration leads to erosion, siltation in downstream areas.
• Increased Carbon Emissions:
→ Loss of wetlands reduces carbon sinks.
→ Wetland loss contributes to GHG emissions.
Examples:
• Bengaluru: Encroachment of 80% of lakes; led to flooding & foaming lakes.
• Mumbai: Reclamation in Mahim & Bandra areas worsened tidal flooding.
• Delhi: Urbanization over Yamuna floodplains increases pollution & flood risks.
Conclusion (Micro Notes):
• Sustainable urban planning must prioritize protection of water bodies.
• Implement Wetland Rules (2017), GIS-based lake inventory, and citizen participation.
• Eco-sensitive zoning and Nature-Based Solutions are key to resilience.
