Intro (Micro Notes Format):
Himalayas, being young fold mountains with active tectonics, high relief, and intense rainfall, are highly prone to landslides. Landslides in this region cause loss of life, infrastructure damage, and environmental degradation.
Causes of Landslides in Himalayas:
1. Geological Factors:
- Young, fragile rocks with high weathering.
- Steep slopes and faulted, fractured strata.
2. Seismic Activity:
- Active tectonic plate collision zone (Indian-Eurasian).
- Frequent earthquakes loosen materials.
3. Climatic Factors:
- Intense rainfall leads to slope saturation and runoff.
- Rapid snowmelt increases instability.
4. Anthropogenic Factors:
- Unscientific construction, deforestation, slope cutting.
- Road building, hydropower projects increase slope vulnerability.
- Poor drainage management and mining.
Mitigation Measures:
1. Structural Measures:
- Slope stabilization, retaining walls, drainage channels.
- Use of rock bolts, netting, vegetation cover.
2. Land Use Planning:
- Restrict construction in hazard-prone zones.
- Eco-sensitive zone regulations and zoning laws.
3. Afforestation:
- Promotes slope stability and reduces erosion.
4. Early Warning & Monitoring:
- Use of geospatial technologies (GIS, remote sensing).
- Landslide early warning systems and awareness campaigns.
Conclusion:
A multi-pronged strategy involving scientific, ecological, and regulatory approaches is essential for sustainable development and disaster resilience in the Himalayan region.
