Intro (Micro Notes Format):
The South China Sea (SCS) is a strategic waterway in Southeast Asia, vital for trade, security, and energy. Its growing geopolitical significance arises from territorial disputes, economic interests, and military presence of major powers.
Geostrategic Importance:
- 1/3rd of global trade passes through SCS (~$3.5 trillion annually).
- Rich in hydrocarbons (oil & gas) and fisheries resources.
- Connects major economies: China, Japan, ASEAN, India.
Territorial Disputes:
- Competing claims by China, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Taiwan.
- China’s “Nine-Dash Line” overlaps with EEZs of other countries.
- Artificial islands & militarization by China raise tensions.
Military & Strategic Dimensions:
- Frequent US Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs) challenge Chinese claims.
- India supports UNCLOS and free navigation; also engages ASEAN through Act East policy.
- Quad (India, US, Japan, Australia) involvement adds to strategic significance.
Global Implications:
- Potential flashpoint for conflict between China and US/allies.
- Threat to maritime trade and regional stability.
- Arbitration Tribunal (2016) ruling rejected China’s claims, but China refused to comply.
Conclusion:
SCS remains a strategic hotspot, central to global geopolitics, maritime law, and regional power dynamics, making its stability crucial for international peace and commerce.
