Flooding in urban areas is an emerging climate-induced disaster. Discuss the causes of this disaster. Mention the features of two such major floods in the last two decades in India. Describe the policies and frameworks in India that aim at tackling such floods. (Answer in 250 words)

Causes of Urban Flooding

Urban flooding, exacerbated by climate change, results from various interrelated factors:

  1. Inadequate Drainage Systems: Many cities have outdated or poorly maintained drainage infrastructure that cannot cope with heavy rainfall.
  2. Urbanization: Rapid urban growth leads to increased impervious surfaces (like concrete), reducing water absorption and increasing runoff.
  3. Climate Change: Increased rainfall intensity and frequency due to climate change contribute to higher flood risks.
  4. Encroachment on Water Bodies: Construction on floodplains and near rivers reduces natural drainage and water absorption.
  5. Poor Land Use Planning: Lack of effective urban planning leads to haphazard development in vulnerable areas.

Major Flood Events

  1. Mumbai Floods (2005): In July 2005, Mumbai experienced one of its worst floods due to 944 mm of rainfall in 24 hours. The flooding caused significant loss of life, displacement, and extensive damage to infrastructure, highlighting the city’s vulnerability.
  2. Chennai Floods (2015): In December 2015, Chennai faced severe flooding after heavy rains, with over 1,000 mm of rainfall in a short period. The floods resulted in widespread devastation, loss of life, and substantial economic losses.

Policies and Frameworks in India

  1. National Flood Control Policy (2004): This policy aims to manage flood risks through integrated water resource management, improving infrastructure, and enhancing community preparedness.
  2. Flood Management Program: Launched to support states in flood management, this program focuses on developing drainage systems, flood forecasting, and establishing early warning systems.
  3. Disaster Management Act (2005): This act emphasizes a systematic approach to disaster management, including floods, through the establishment of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs).

These policies and frameworks aim to enhance resilience against urban flooding and improve disaster preparedness and response in India.

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