Social Problems Arising from Rapid Urbanization in India
1. Housing Shortage & Slums
- Urban population growth: 35% (2021 Census estimate).
- Slum dwellers: Over 65 million (Census 2011).
- Example: Dharavi, Asia’s largest slum in Mumbai, lacks basic sanitation.
2. Unemployment & Informal Sector Growth
- Migration leads to unskilled labor surplus, causing underemployment.
- Informal sector: Over 80% of India’s workforce (NSSO).
- Example: Gig workers (Swiggy, Zomato) lack social security.
3. Traffic Congestion & Pollution
- Vehicle explosion: Over 295 million vehicles (2022).
- Air quality crisis: 14 of the world’s 20 most polluted cities in India (WHO).
- Example: Delhi’s AQI frequently crosses hazardous levels.
4. Water & Sanitation Crisis
- Water shortage: 21 major cities to run out of groundwater by 2030 (NITI Aayog).
- Example: Chennai water crisis (2019) due to rapid urban sprawl.
5. Rising Crime & Social Inequality
- Urban crime rate: Higher than rural areas (NCRB).
- Example: Mumbai & Delhi see high crimes against women.
6. Mental Health & Social Alienation
- Rising stress & anxiety due to isolation & work pressure.
- Example: IT sector in Bengaluru reports increasing burnout cases.
Way Forward
- Sustainable Urban Planning: Smart Cities Mission.
- Affordable Housing: PM Awas Yojana (Urban).
- Pollution Control: EV adoption, clean energy policies.
Conclusion
Unplanned urbanization is creating deep social divides. Balanced regional development and inclusive policies are needed to address these challenges.
