How Wealth accumulates and Men Decay’
                                                   George Bernard Shaw

I want to stress this personal helplessness we are all stricken with in
the face of a system that has passed beyond our knowledge and
control. To bring it nearer home, I propose that we switch off from the
big things like empires and their wars to more familiar little things.
Take pins for example! I do not know why it is that I so seldom use a
pin when my wife cannot get on without boxes of them at hand; but
it is so; and I will therefore take pins as being for some reason specially
important to women.

There was a time when pinmakers would buy the material; shape it;
make the head and the point; ornament it; and take it to the market,
and sell it and the making required skill in several operations. They not
only knew how the thing was done from beginning to end, but could
do it all by themselves. But they could not afford to sell you a paper of
pins for the farthing. Pins cost so much that a woman’s dress
allowance was calling pin money.

By the end of the 18th century Adam Smith boasted that it took 18
men to make a pin, each man doing a little bit of the job and passing
the pin on to the next, and none of them being able to make a whole
pin or to buy the materials or to sell it when it was made. The most
you could say for them was that at least they had some idea of how it
was made, though they could not make it. Now as this meant that they
were clearly less capable and knowledgeable men than the old pinmakers, you may ask why Adam Smith boasted of it as a triumph of
civilisation when its effect had so clearly a degrading effect. The
reason was that by setting each man to do just one little bit of the
work and nothing but that, over and over again, he became very quick
at it. The men, it is said, could turn out nearly 5000 pins a day each;
and thus pins became plentiful and cheap. The country was supposed
to be richer because it had more pins, though it had turned capable
men into mere machines doing their work without intelligence and
being fed by the spare food of the capitalist just as an engine is fed
with coals and oil. That was why the poet Goldsmith, who was a
farsighted economist as well as a poet, complained that ‘wealth
accumulates, and men decay’.

Nowadays Adam Smith’s 18 men are as extinct as the diplodocus. The
18 flesh-and-blood men have been replaced by machines of steel
which spout out pins by the hundred million. Even sticking them into
pink papers is done by machinery. The result is that with the exception
of a few people who design the machines, nobody knows how to make
a pin or how a pin is made: that is to say, the modern worker in pin
manufacture need not be one-tenth so intelligent, skilful and
accomplished as the old pinmaker; and the only compensation we
have for this deterioration is that pins are so cheap that a single pin
has no expressible value at all. Even with a big profit stuck on to the
cost-price you can buy dozens for a farthing; and pins are so recklessly
thrown away and wasted that verses have to be written to persuade
children (without success) that it is a sin to steal, if even it’s a pin.
Many serious thinkers, like John Ruskin and William Morris, have been
greatly troubled by this, just as Goldsmith was, and have asked
whether we really believe that it is an advance in wealth to lose our
skill and degrade our workers for the sake of being able to waste pins
by the ton. We shall see later on, when we come to consider the
Distribution of Leisure, that the cure for this is not to go back to the
old free for higher work than pin-making or the like. But in the
meantime the fact remains that the workers are now not able to make
anything themselves even in little bits. They are ignorant and helpless,
and cannot lift their finger to begin their day’s work until it has all been
arranged for them by their employer’s who themselves do not
understand the machines they buy, and simply pay other people to set
them going by carrying out the machine maker’s directions.
The same is true for clothes. Earlier the whole work of making clothes,
from the shearing of the sheep to the turning out of the finished and
washed garment ready to put on, had to be done in the country by the
men and women of the household, especially the women; so that to
this day an unmarried woman is called a spinster. Nowadays nothing
is left of all this but the sheep shearing; and even that, like the milking
of cows, is being done by machinery, as the sewing is. Give a woman
a sheep today and ask her to produce a woollen dress for you; and not
only will she be quite unable to do it, but you are likely to find that she
is not even aware of any connection between sheep and clothes.
When she gets her clothes, which she does by buying them at the
shop, she knows that there is a difference between wool and cotton
and silk, between flannel and merino, perhaps even between
stockinet and other wefts; but as to how they are made, or what they
are made of, or how they came to be in the shop ready for her to buy,
she knows hardly anything. And the shop assistant from whom she
buys is no wiser. The people engaged in the making of them know
even less; for many of them are too poor to have much choice of
materials when they buy their own clothes.

Thus the capitalist system has produced an almost universal ignorance
of how things are made and done, whilst at the same time it has
caused them to be made and done on a gigantic scale. We have to buy
books and encyclopaedias to find out what it is we are doing all day;
and as the books are written by people who are not doing it, and who
get their information from other books, what they tell us is twenty to
fifty years out of date knowledge and almost impractical today. And
of course most of us are too tired of our work when we come home
to want to read about it; what we need is cinema to take our minds
off it and feel our imagination.

It is a funny place, this word of capitalism, with its astonishing spread
of education and enlightenment. There stand the thousands of
property owners and the millions of wage workers, none of them able
to make anything, none of them knowing what to do until somebody
tells them, none of them having the least notion of how it is made that
they find people paying them money, and things in the shops to buy
with it. And when they travel they are surprised to find that savages
and Esquimaux and villagers who have to make everything for
themselves are more intelligent and resourceful! The wonder would
be if they were anything else. We should die of idiocy through disuse
of our mental faculties if we did not fill our heads with romantic
nonsense out of illustrated newspapers and novels and plays and
films. Such stuff keeps us alive, but it falsifies everything for us so
absurdly that it leaves us more or less dangerous lunatics in the real
world.

Excuse my going on like this; but as I am a writer of books and plays
myself, I know the folly and peril of it better than you do. And when I
see that this moment of our utmost ignorance and helplessness,
delusion and folly, has been stumbled on by the blind forces of
capitalism as the moment for giving votes to everybody, so that the
few wise women are hopelessly overruled by the thousands whose
political minds, as far as they can be said to have any political minds
at all, have been formed in the cinema, I realise that I had better stop
writing plays for a while to discuss political and social realities in this
book with those who are intelligent enough to listen to me.