- Concrete & Asphalt Surfaces: Absorb and retain more heat than natural land covers.
- Lack of Vegetation: Reduces evapotranspiration and natural cooling effect.
- High Building Density: Traps heat and reduces air circulation (canyon effect).
- Air Conditioning & Vehicles: Release waste heat into the environment.
- Industrial Activities: Emit heat and pollutants, raising local temperatures.
- Dark Roofs & Paved Roads: Have low albedo, increasing heat absorption.
- Water Bodies Displacement: Replaces cooling surfaces with heat-absorbing infrastructure.
Result: Urban areas are significantly warmer than surrounding rural regions.
