Purple Revolution: The term used to describe the success of lavender cultivation in J&K, signifying the flourishing purple lavender fields.

• G20: Informal group of 19 countries + European Union.
• Includes IMF & World Bank representatives.
• Mix of advanced & emerging economies.
• Represents 80% of world GDP, 75% of trade, 60% of population.
• Members: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union
• Rotating presidency, no permanent HQ.
• 2023 summit in India.
• PRESIDED INDIA
• Troika system for continuity.

**Kashmir:** The region is disputed between India and Pakistan.

**West Bank and Gaza Strip:** These territories are at the heart of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, with discussions focusing on a two-state solution.
c) **Crimea:** b/w Russia- Ukraine.
d) **Nagorno-Karabakh:** A region in Azerbaijan, but populated mainly by ethnic Armenians, leading to conflicts and calls for independence or integration with Armenia.

Presently as on 2024 we have Six national parties:
- These parties are:
1. BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party)
2. INC (Indian National Congress)
3. CPI(M) (Communist Party of India (Marxist))
4. BSP (Bahujan Samaj Party)
5. NPP (National People's Party) (first party from North East became NPP)
6. AAP (Aam Aadmi Party) (in news)

Note: CPI lost NPP status... its CPI(M) both are different

Source: https://www.thehindu.com/incoming/ec-grants-aap-national-party-status-withdraws-it-for-the-tmc-cpi-and-ncp/article66721832.ece

There are 28 states and 8 Union territories in the country.

The Union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu were combined as one single union territory on 26th January 2020.

J&K split to 2 UTs: Ladakh was separated from Jammu and Kashmir 31 October 2019 and created as a separate Union Territory.

1. 1st A-S war: 1845-46- Lord Hardinge I- ToLahore- Kashmir>>Gulab Singh
2. 2nd A-S war: 1848-49- Lord Dalhousie- annexation of Punjab

The First Anglo-Sikh War was fought in and around the Ferozepur area of Punjab in 1845 and 1846 between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company. It culminated in the Sikh empire's loss and partial submission, as well as the cession of Jammu and Kashmir as a separate princely state under British suzerainty.

Result of the First Anglo-Sikh War

• Lahore Treaty: On March 8, 1846, the Sikhs were compelled to accept a humiliating peace at the conclusion of the first Anglo-Sikh War.
• The following were the key provisions of the Treaty of Lahore:
  • The English were to get a war indemnity of more than one crore rupees.
  • The Company annexed the Jalandhar Doab (between the Beas and the Sutlej).
  • Henry Lawrence was to create a British residency in Lahore.
• The Sikh army's strength was diminished.
• Daleep Singh was proclaimed ruler, with Rani Jindan as regent and Lal Singh as wazir.
• Since the Sikhs were unable to pay the full war indemnity, Kashmir, including Jammu, was sold to Gulab Singh, who was compelled to pay the Company 75 lakh rupees as a down payment.
• On March 16, 1846, a second treaty formally transferred Kashmir to Gulab Singh.
• The Bhairowal Treaty - The Sikhs revolted because they were dissatisfied with the Treaty of Lahore on the question of Kashmir.

kundalvana (present day Harwan kashmir)

SWADESHI MOVEMENT
 Officially proclaimed on 7 August, 1905 from Calcutta Town Hall
 1905- INC took up Swadeshi agenda at Banaras Session presided by Gokhale
 1906- Calcutta- Dadabhai Naorji- 4 Resolutions:
1.Swadeshi Programme 2.Boycott 3.Self govt 4.National Education

| Year | Indian Freedom Struggles |
|------|--------------------------|
| 1857 | Revolt of 1857: Sepoy Mutiny began in Meerut, spread to Delhi, Agra, Kanpur and Lucknow |
| 1905-1911 | Swadeshi movement: Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon |
| 1914-1917 | Gadar Movement: Komagata Maru incident |
| 1916-1918 | Home Rule Movement: launched by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant |
| 1917 | Champaran Satyagraha: First non-violent protest in India by Mahatma Gandhi |
| 1919 | Rowlatt Satyagrah |
| 1920 | Khilafat and Non-cooperation Movement: First Mass Movement led by Gandhi |
| 1930 | Civil Disobedience Movement: launched to break the Salt law |
| 1940 | Individual Satyagraha: Launched against the August Offer, 1940. |
| 1942 | Quit India Movement: Gandhi launched his third major movement against British rule. |

The Malthusian Theory of Population Growth
Among the most famous theories of demography is the one associated with the
English political economist Thomas Robert Malthus (1766–1834). Malthus’s
theory of population growth – outlined in his Essay on Population (1798) – was
a rather pessimistic one. He argued that human populations tend to grow at
a much faster rate than the rate at which the means of human subsistence
(specially food, but also clothing and other agriculture-based products) can
grow. Therefore humanity is condemned to live in poverty forever because the
growth of agricultural production will always be overtaken by population growth.
While population rises in geometric progression (i.e., like 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc.),
agricultural production can only grow in arithmetic progression (i.e., like 2, 4,
6, 8, 10, etc.). Because population growth always outstrips growth in production
of subsistence resources, the only way to increase prosperity is by controlling
the growth of population. Unfortunately, humanity has only a limited ability to
voluntarily reduce the growth of its population (through ‘preventive checks’
such as postponing marriage or practicing sexual abstinence or celibacy).
Malthus believed therefore that ‘positive checks’ to population growth – in the
form of famines and diseases – were inevitable because they were nature’s way
of dealing with the imbalance between food supply and increasing population.

source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lesy102.pdf

The Declining Sex-ratio in India
The sex ratio is an important indicator of gender balance in the population. As
mentioned in the section on concepts earlier, historically, the sex ratio has been
slightly in favour of females, that is, the number of females per 1000 males has
generally been somewhat higher than 1000. However, India has had a declining
sex-ratio for more than a century, as is clear from Table 3. From 972 females
per 1000 males at the turn of the twentieth century, the sex ratio has declined to
933 at the turn of the twenty-first century. The trends of the last four decades
have been particularly worrying – from 941 in 1961 the sex ratio had fallen to an
all-time low of 927 in 1991 before posting a modest increase in 2001. According
to Census of India 2011 sex ratio has increased and now it is 943 females per
1000 males.

source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lesy102.pdf

1. Total area of Jammu and Kashmir is 222,236 square km. Thus the population Density of Jammu and Kashmir is 56 per square km which is lower than national average 382 per square km
2. Population 1.25 Cr,

   3. Literacy 67.16%,
   4. Sex Ratio 889

   (2011 census data on jk)

The Narmada rises in the Amarkantak hills
in Madhya Pradesh. It flows towards the west
in a rift valley formed due to faulting.

falls in Arabian Sea

Source: https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/iess103.pdf

1. Wular lake – One of the biggest freshwater lakes of Asia.
2. Upper lake in Madhya Pradesh is the largest artificial lake in Asia.
3. Chilika Lake in Odisha is the largest saline water lake in India.
4. Vembanad Lake in Kerala is the longest lake in India.
5. Cholamu Lake in Sikkim is the highest lake in India.

The Indus receives a number of Himalayan tributaries such as the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Zaskar, the Hunza, the Nubra, the Shigar, the Gasting and the Dras. It finally emerges out of the hills near Attock where it receives the Kabul river on its right bank. The other important tributaries joining the right bank of the Indus are the Khurram, the Tochi, the Gomal, the Viboa and the Sangar. They all originate in the Sulaiman ranges. The river flows southward and receives ‘Panjnad’ a little above Mithankot. The Panjnad is the name given to the five rivers of Punjab, namely the Satluj, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum

Th e Outer Plains:
The Southern side of the Union
Territory is covered by the
alluvial plains of the Chenab,
Tawi and Ravi Rivers and their
tributaries. The outer plain is
an extension of Great Indian
Plains which is alluvial in
nature. It stretches from River
Ravi to River Chenab for a
distance of 110 Km. The plains
are locally called as Anderwah
and Bajwat. The plain is
drained by other streams and
tributaries like Basantar, Ujh,
Tawi & Manawar Tawi. The
plain is dissected by series of
deep and shallow ravines cut
by these streams and rivers.
The ravines are locally called
as Khads. They are usually
filled with sand, gravels,
boulders and wild growing tall
grass (Khar). During rainy
season these Khads transform
into flooded nallahs. The
productive crop lands of this
region are in Kathua, Akhnoor,
Hiranagar, Bishnah, R.S Pura
and Domana.

source: Chapter 7..  https://jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/6372215346946707129TH%20GEOGRAPHY.pdf

Take the
case of a clothes merchant. He wants to sell
Clothes and buy Rice. The clothes merchant will
first exchange Clothes to sell for money and then
exchange the money for Rice. However to obtain
money , first he has to find a rice growing farmer
who is willing to sell him rice. Imagine how much
more difficult it would be for the cloth merchant
if he had to exchange clothes directly for Rice
without the use of Money. He would have to
find a rice growing farmer who would be willing
to sell him rice in exchange for clothes. To put
it simple both parties have to agree to buy and
sell commodities to each other . This problem is
known as double coincidence of wants. Double
coincidence in nutshell means “what a person
desires to sell is exactly what the other wishes
to buy”. In earlier times, such kinds of problems
were solved by a system known as Barter System.
Under Barter System goods were exchanged for
goods. Long before money was invented, people
exchanged services and goods for other services
and goods in return.
Did you know that
The term “money” is derived from the latin
word “moneta “
The main problem which is faced in double
coincidence of want is to search for the persons with
required excess and need. Such kind of problem
was resolved by identification of a common
medium of exchange which is acceptable to all.
This common medium of exchange acceptable to
all is termed as Money

Source: https://jkbose.nic.in/PageDoc/636742033482244819ecodisaster9th.pdf

Note: 11th & 12th NCERT loves me too to frame questions

Source: https://jkarchives.nic.in/Arch_ASI_Protected_Monuments.htm

source : https://jandktourism.jk.gov.in/Destinations.html

The correct answer is (C) "hold your horses."

The phrase "hold your horses" is an idiom that means to wait or be patient, especially when someone is rushing into a decision or action prematurely. In the context of the sentence, it advises against jumping to conclusions and encourages waiting to see what unfolds before making a judgment or taking action. It's a figurative way of suggesting restraint and patience, akin to holding back a team of eager horses from galloping ahead too quickly.

"her, she" because it refers back to Sarah, the subject of the sentence. So the correct sentence is: "The teacher praised Sarah for completing her assignment on time. Sarah had worked hard to ensure that she met all the requirements given by the teacher."

In English grammar, the subjective case pronouns (like "I," "he," "she," "we," "they") are used as subjects of sentences or in predicate nominatives, while the objective case pronouns (like "me," "him," "her," "us," "them") are used as objects of verbs or prepositions.

In option (B), "Me and him are best friends," the pronouns "Me" and "him" are in the subjective case, but they should be in the objective case because they are the objects of the verb "are." The correct form should be "He and I are best friends."

The correct sequence is "RPSQ". The sentence "R: built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan" should come first to introduce the subject. Then, "P: for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal" follows to provide more context about the Taj Mahal. Next, "S: The majestic Taj Mahal" describes the structure itself, and finally, "Q: stands as a symbol of eternal love" concludes the paragraph by explaining the significance of the Taj Mahal. So, the correct answer is option PQRS.

The correct answer is "through" because it indicates movement from one side of the park to the other, implying traversal or passage. So the correct sentence is: "She walked through the park to enjoy the scenery."

The correct answer is  "The children ate the cake." This sentence is in the active voice, where the subject (the children) performs the action (ate) on the object (the cake).

The correct answer is  "poured, poring" because "poured" is the past tense of "pour," which means to transfer a liquid from one container to another, and "poring" is the present participle of "pore," which means to study or examine something carefully. So, the correct sentence is: "He poured the water into the glass and started poring over the report."

Explanation: Enticing means very attractive or tempting, so alluring (having a powerful and attractive charm) has a similar meaning.

Explanation:

• Jump the gun means to act too hastily or before the right time. This is the most suitable option in this context because we need to wait before booking the room.
• Put your foot down means to insist on something firmly.
• Mull it over means to think about something carefully for a long time.
• Touch base means to make contact with someone to exchange information.

• The active voice version identifies the doer of the action (children) as the subject.
• this Option  correctly identifies the children as the subject performing the action

The most logical order is PSQR. Here's the reasoning:

1. Sentence Introduction: A well-structured sentence typically starts with a subject (noun or pronoun). In this case, "A recent study" (Q) introduces the topic.
2. Subject and Following Information: The subject "study" suggests it performs an action or has something said about it. "Has highlighted" (R) connects logically to "study" as the verb.
3. Focus of the Criticism: The highlighted concerns (R) need further explanation. "The significant concerns" (P) provide that explanation.
4. Target of the Concerns: Finally, the concerns must be about something specific. "Surrounding the fashion industry's reliance on fast fashion" (S) completes the sentence by clarifying what the highlighted concerns are about.

Therefore, PSQR offers the most logical and grammatically correct flow of information.

In indirect speech, pronouns, tenses, and sometimes sentence structure change. "Reminded" accurately conveys the message without using quotes.

In successive discounts, we calculate the discount on the discounted price, not the original price.

1. Discount due to first discount (20%) = 20/100 * 3200 = Rs. 640
2. Discounted price after the first discount = 3200 - 640 = Rs. 2560
3. Discount due to second discount (10%) = 10/100 * 2560 = Rs. 256
4. Final price paid by Sara = 2560 - 256 = Rs. 2304

Therefore, Sara paid Rs. 2304 for the jacket.

Based on the given code language, we can deduce the code for 'drink' by observing the common code in the sentences where 'drink' appears:

From the first sentence, 'drink hot beverage' is written as 'la mi wu'.
From the third sentence, 'cold sweet drink' is written as 'te gi la'.

Comparing these two sentences, we see that 'drink' is represented by the code 'la' in both cases.

So, the code for 'drink' in this code language is:

(A) la

WILL BE EXPLAINED IN VIDEO DISCUSSION

VIDEO

To find the average of consecutive odd numbers, we can use the formula:

\[ \text{Average} = \text{Sum of numbers} / \text{Number of numbers} \]

For consecutive odd numbers, each number is 2 more than the previous one. So, if the smallest number is \( k \), then the next 6 consecutive odd numbers will be \( k + 2, k + 4, k + 6, k + 8, k + 10, \) and \( k + 12 \).

The sum of these numbers can be calculated by adding them together:

\[ k + (k + 2) + (k + 4) + (k + 6) + (k + 8) + (k + 10) + (k + 12) \]

\[ = 7k + 42 \]

So, the average is:

\[ \text{Average} = \frac{7k + 42}{7} = k + 6 \]

Therefore, the correct answer is option (C) \( k + 6 \).

By the Given data , We have the expression:
$20+8-8÷4\times 2=20+8-2\times 2=20+8-4=24$.

PYQ JKSSB

VIDEO

On the basis of data handling capabilities, the computer is of three types:

• Analogue Computer
  Digital Computer
  Hybrid Computer

On the basis of size, the computer can be of five types:

In digital representation, letters, numbers, symbols, and control characters are typically represented using binary code. This means they are encoded using combinations of 0s and 1s. Each character is assigned a unique binary code, allowing computers to process and manipulate them digitally. For example, the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) encoding scheme assigns specific binary codes to each character, including letters, numbers, symbols, and control characters, allowing them to be represented and processed digitally.

NOTE: BIT BYTE DIFFERENT

• Synchronous Software (uncommon term): Likely refers to applications where communication happens in real-time, like video conferencing.
• Package Software: Pre-written, ready-to-install applications sold as a complete package, like Microsoft Office.
• Open-Source Software (OSS): Software with freely available source code for anyone to use and modify, like Linux.
• Middleware: Software that bridges communication between different applications or systems, like message queues.

Mathematical calculation

While both MS Word and MS Excel can format text and numbers, MS Excel is specifically designed for performing complex calculations and data analysis. It has built-in functions and formulas to automate calculations and analyze large datasets. MS Word, on the other hand, is primarily focused on text creation and document formatting.