Changes in Society and Economy from the Rig Vedic to the Later Vedic Period:
- Society:
- Shift to Varna-based Society: Varna system became more rigid, with Brahmins and Kshatriyas gaining dominance.
- Patriarchy Strengthened: Status of women declined; women lost rights to education and participation in rituals.
- Rise of Kingship: Kings gained greater power and authority, evolving from tribal chieftains to monarchs.
- Expansion of Sacrificial Rituals: Increased importance of sacrifices (Yajnas), performed by Brahmins.
- Economy:
- Agriculture Became Dominant: Pastoral economy transitioned to a settled agrarian one, with ploughing becoming common.
- Growth of Private Property: Land ownership gained importance, replacing communal ownership.
- Emergence of Iron Technology: Iron tools facilitated agricultural expansion and surplus production.
- Increase in Trade: Trade networks expanded, with surplus production leading to barter and the use of coins.
